tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72521280646757080382024-03-21T18:15:45.109-07:00Who need be afraid of the MERGE?Thoughts on Walt Whitman's Leaves of GrassClackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-19122515986814855492012-05-29T21:41:00.003-07:002012-05-29T21:43:06.695-07:00English 630 Post-MortemThus begins my final post for English 630 (not to mention to the concluding post to my first and only blog). Sigh... But let's not get blogged down and get right to it: overall this was a great class, both in terms of subject matter as well as class format. We spent a whole semester on Whitman and I feel like we could have spent a semester more and there would be gargantuan amounts left untackled. The beautiful part is that I now feel prepared to tackle remaining questions on my own and I am certain that I will given how my interest in Whitman bloomed throughout the semester. In terms of class format, I enjoyed the blog initiated class discussions and, despite my general abhorrence for all things "social media," creating a blog and a twitter account was not all that bad in the end. The class did a nice job of making me come out of my comfort zone and be more creative about how I discussed and presented my learning of Whitman (the insanely boring "3-5 paper" being my typical comfort zone). So is there anything to be critical about? Not really, but in the interest of balanced commentary, let me offer the following knit pickings. While we hit most of the classics, there were a few others that I would have loved some to hear some class discussions on (Sleepers, I Sing the Body Electric, etc.). Maybe a "make-up" Tuesday in class meeting would have helped create a few more discussion hours to work with? In terms of grading, there's not much to go on since there were no periodic check +/-'s to go on (arbitrary as they may be). For an Open University quasi-student who doesn't care too much about his grade such as myself, this was easy to deal with, but I can imagine for others it might be more challenging! Overall though, I had a great time and learned a lot. I give this class an A.Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-81323391570441993092012-05-09T11:26:00.003-07:002012-05-09T11:29:53.714-07:00This Machine Kills Facists - Woody Guthrie and Whitman<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Nice
post on Guthrie. I have had minimal
exposure to Guthrie and enjoyed both passages in your prompt. It seems to me that Guthrie, like Whitman, loves
the “idea” (or potential) of America but is dismayed by the “execution” of
America (by execution I mean the manner of performance, not putting to death). Start with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pastures of Plenty</i> lyrics. I
feel a number of competing sentiments embedded within the song. While Guthrie highlights the diversity and
fecundity of the land, you feel a sense of him being controlled by the land, or
by those that control the land. In some
ways, the song feels like a slave work song, particularly the opening
lines. The “you” in the lyrics seems to stretch
beyond its initial meaning of America or individual states, and to individual owners
of certain pieces of the land. When
Guthrie sings “We’ll work in this fight and we’ll fight till we win,” the
target of this fight is nebulous but my sense is that Guthrie is lamenting the
intermediation of the proverbial “man” in his association with the land of
America. Thus when he speaks of the
freedom he is willing to fight for in the closing lines of the song, he is not
referring to foreigners or other outside forces but those among us who look to
disturb the natural connection between humanity and our desire to work. This <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Land
is Your Land</i> works in a similar manner.
The song begins with an ode to the land of America and a celebration of
our shared identity with the land, and ends by questioning the current status
of that identity. He again ends the song
with a statement of defiance (“Nobody living can ever stop me”) as he looks to reestablish
that which, in his mind, made the land of America great in the first place.</span></div>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-84401114829492718412012-04-27T15:23:00.004-07:002012-04-27T15:26:11.003-07:00From Walt Whitman to Allen Ginsberg...<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQcGNoTJfykPU2OvmiJ-sFNgELhiCvNudb58BgYavofUoS3afEqEuXdUGF-V6z99b0OUY-OvJVi1DQQvBAOfcGhbj9vWtD7y8AFtC5vnruGzW8afnIeuRIA1DLwlzH8g48qvAZljioNbeh/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQcGNoTJfykPU2OvmiJ-sFNgELhiCvNudb58BgYavofUoS3afEqEuXdUGF-V6z99b0OUY-OvJVi1DQQvBAOfcGhbj9vWtD7y8AFtC5vnruGzW8afnIeuRIA1DLwlzH8g48qvAZljioNbeh/s640/Picture1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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For
our discussion of Allen Ginsberg, take a look at <i>Howl Part I</i> and <i>A
Supermarket in California </i>(see links below for the text of each
poem as well as readings by Ginsberg). <i>Howl</i> is a little lengthy but very cool so get through as much as you can!
Focusing on these two poems, give us your take on some similarities as well as
some noticeable differences between the two poets. Start by considering
the structure of the poems. What influence by Whitman do you see in the
structure of Ginsberg’s poetry? Secondly, think about the themes and
imagery of Ginsberg’s two poems and where we have seen some of these themes and
images within Whitman’s poetry. Some areas to think about include their
views on the American dream and American institutions, themes of “interconnectedness,” and themes of
sexuality. Finally, we have discussed the evolving connection between
Whitman “the man” and Whitman “the poet.” How do you feel about this connection with Ginsberg when reading his poetry?</div>
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<br />
Be sure to check out the readings of each poem by Ginsberg as well. They feel very different when heard as opposed to read.</div>
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Text
of Howl - <a href="http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15308">here</a></div>
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Reading of Howl - <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2p_kKhRmRkM&feature=related">here</a> </div>
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<br />
Text
of A Supermarket in California - <a href="http://www.writing.upenn.edu/%7Eafilreis/88/supermarket.html">here</a><a href="http://www.writing.upenn.edu/%7Eafilreis/88/supermarket.html" target="_blank"></a></div>
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Reading of A Supermarket in California - <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBUcp3--ojk">here</a> </div>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-58282100295799286092012-04-23T13:30:00.002-07:002012-04-23T13:37:03.225-07:00Carl Sandburg - Poet of the People<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitP-OqilhYF623Ua_KY9bbygvyxb25RcpXBF27qLfC-ria1Xhp_GQdQkHosFGHtn1gYo42e0CnXLIrBN8LHrCVW20VIoLwrzA-xDRZ-btI-bLiKHzacXYqHwnXDCMQVBJYJy0cxaVkqXPq/s1600/autism-puzzle-globe.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 210px; height: 210px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitP-OqilhYF623Ua_KY9bbygvyxb25RcpXBF27qLfC-ria1Xhp_GQdQkHosFGHtn1gYo42e0CnXLIrBN8LHrCVW20VIoLwrzA-xDRZ-btI-bLiKHzacXYqHwnXDCMQVBJYJy0cxaVkqXPq/s320/autism-puzzle-globe.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5734697762635282482" border="0" /></a><!--[if 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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Very cool selections from Carl Sandburg!<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He certainly is the poet of the common person, the working man, our universal and shared experience.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In the first section of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The People, Yes</i>, the poet speaks of the Tower of Babel from the book of Genesis.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>For those unfamiliar with this tale: a unified human race seeks to build a tower that reaches the heavens so that the people of the world will not be scattered across the earth and can be close to god.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>God comes down though and scatters the people of the world across the globe and confuses their communication by creating different languages.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Sandburg’s poetry seems to be an effort to rebuild the unity of the human experience and return us (or at least provide glimpses) of the universal aspects of our existence.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The role of nature is a good example of this theme.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In the excerpts provided, Sandburg repeatedly returns to man’s co-existence with and subjugation to the whims of the weather and other natural phenomena (the lines in section 50 about the iceberg were reminiscent to me of Stephen Crane’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">A Man Said to the Universe</i>).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In some ways, Sandburg seems to almost dismiss the experience of the individual in its entirety.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He rails against personal credit for worldly successes, against the “boss” and other titles, against the effects of capitalism/advertising and its tendency to separate man from his true nature.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>And while the poem is certainly critical of specific aspects of the American spirit of Sandburg’s time, I believe Sandburg ends the poem on a hopeful note.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Despite the dual nature of the human spirit as a “comic two face: hero and hoodlum,” Sandburg recognizes our ability as people to continually achieve renewal (by going back to “the nourishing earth for rootholds”) and our desire to reach “for lights beyond the prisms of the five senses.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is through this process of reaching for universal understanding that we may better answer the poet’s final question: “where to? what next?”<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Sandburg’s treatment of Lincoln in section 57 is fascinating in light of our recent discussion of Whitman’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lilacs</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Their treatment of Lincoln through the poetry is very different, but the admiration for their subject (implied in the case of Lilacs) is the same.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While Lincoln is never specifically mentioned in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lilacs</i>, I would venture to say that Whitman’s elegy is more personal than Sandburg’s.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman is seeking to assuage his own grief in light of the tragic national events of his time.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Sandburg benefits from the clarifications of time and a clearer picture of Lincoln’s impact on the people of America.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Sandburg begins section 57 with “Lincoln?,” making it clear from the start that the section is meant to contemplate Lincoln the man, the type of person he was, and his impact on others.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Was Lincoln a poet, a historian, a gatherer of the American dream, a dreamer himself?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Sandburg points out that he was likely all of these things, but I can’t help but notice the strong parallels between Lincoln’s role of American unifier and Sandburg’s view of the poet’s role as unifier of the human experience.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Sandburg ends the section with a quote from Lincoln that, in my mind, outlines exactly the objective of the poet as Sandburg sees it:</p> <p class="MsoNormal">“If we could first know where we are,<br />and whither we are tending,<br />we could better judge<br />what to do, and how to do it.” </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Sandburg can see the benefits Lincoln’s mindset ultimately resulted in and he clearly seeks to apply this mindset to the challenges and miscommunications of his own time.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-26494522534398861192012-04-11T12:37:00.004-07:002012-04-11T20:52:59.011-07:00Tragedy Through Time<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqRbdtnsPz_Tx3UfcizkHYA8fX2gDv6vg5QqrFXI1ZB8BYE6K_sdBhN2frl1NKKPzR1v4Vwrhi3YUf8y2PjkJYh1OKlnMy_NYjbH3Og3RuXTiEEGswVQJBXuH7LhNVrMydUFDFjnSH6LUm/s1600/lilac.jpg"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 275px; height: 215px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqRbdtnsPz_Tx3UfcizkHYA8fX2gDv6vg5QqrFXI1ZB8BYE6K_sdBhN2frl1NKKPzR1v4Vwrhi3YUf8y2PjkJYh1OKlnMy_NYjbH3Og3RuXTiEEGswVQJBXuH7LhNVrMydUFDFjnSH6LUm/s320/lilac.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730231606022095762" border="0" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Lilacs</i> functions as a journey, both for Lincoln’s funeral procession, and more importantly, for Whitman’s own emotional struggle to deal with Lincoln’s assassination, the horrifying violence of a civil war, and a damaged democratic ideal that, like so many of the young men of the country at the time, lay wounded and bleeding with uncertain prospects for survival.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>If great poetry is to create a “simulacrum of reality,” as Cleanth Brooks put it, Whitman succeeds beautifully.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The psychological process of dealing with death and tragedy is complicated, chaotic, and oftentimes, completely illogical.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Similar to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lilacs</i>, there ultimately is no “solution” to this process and every time you feel that you are approaching a spot of stability, the emotional and spiritual ground beneath your feet shifts and your healing process must start again anew.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Despite the frustration of this process, I believe Whitman ends <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lilacs</i> on a note of hope where he states that through confrontation and contemplation of tragedy you may achieve, if only temporarily, a moment of bliss, a moment where lilac and star and bird twine with the chant of your soul.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is these moments you strive for, and despite their inherently fleeting nature, it is these moments that carry you with hope to the blooms of the following spring.</div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> 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10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">As a resident of lower Manhattan during 2001, I feel a close personal connection with the events and aftermath of 9/11.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is through this lens and the lingering presence in my mind of Whitman’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lilacs</i> with which I read a number of the 9/11 poems contained on the Library of Congress’ website.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman’s presence in many of the poems is palpable.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Some go so far as to quote Whitman directly, such as Galway Kinnell’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">When the Towers Fell</i> that uses lines both from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lilacs</i> as well as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">City of Ships</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While I found Kinnell’s poem to be most directly tied to Whitman’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lilacs</i>, I wanted to comment briefly on two other poems I enjoyed from the group: Billy Collins’ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Names</i> and Martin Espada’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Alabanza: In Praise of Local 100</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Names</i> recounts the poet’s experience with the actual names of those who perished in the towers.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Similar to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lilacs</i>, which begins with a description of “the black murk” of the night and Lincoln as the “great star”, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Names</i> begins in “the palm of the night” as the poet lays awake in his bed visualizing the names of the dead which are “printed on the ceiling of the night.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Collins goes on to use a number of techniques reminiscent of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lilacs</i>, including significant flower and tree imagery as well as the use of all of his senses in experiencing the personal impact of the names of the dead.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Names</i> ends with the poet’s resignation regarding his ability to effectively deal with the tragic events of 9/11 questioning the “room on the walls of the heart” to appropriately pay homage to “so many names.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>These final lines remind me of Whitman’s struggle to appropriately decorate Lincoln’s burial house: “O what shall I hang on these chamber walls?”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">I also see Whitman (although mostly I just like the poem) in Espada’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Alabanza</i> in which Espada seeks to provide praise for the 43 members of at the Windows of the World restaurant at the top of the World Trade Center who were mostly Latino immigrants, many of whom were undocumented.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Unlike the names of others who died in the tragedy of 9/11, most of the names of these workers were unknown and never appropriately recognized in the aftermath of the events.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Similar to Whitman’s ongoing focus on the working man, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Alabanza</i> seeks to recognize and praise these common workers and forgotten heroes of 9/11.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Stylistically, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Alabanza</i> reads like a song or ritualistic chant which reminds me of the “song” or “carol” of the hermit thrush in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Lilacs</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Espada ends Alabanza referencing the “two constellations of smoke [of New York and Kabul]… mingling in the icy air” reminding us of the universal experience of death and tragedy that we as humans must deal with regardless of cultural background.</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-26383455177257638642012-04-04T12:37:00.003-07:002012-04-04T12:41:19.506-07:00Expanded Project Proposal - Emerson and Whitman<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIeUhPK2xaloMf_HymYk39Fjiw1ngAVWULQOn47w6l6fRsAnCIjPXnTqrjBt-GMR-t5Bx1AA3-HOLc4PoJNLo73vlQQIdmbRpLWsxioGqFLTXF2U5KgBkKEa05asSeM_oHwJzJauCpdAUv/s1600/ralph_waldo_emerson.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 142px; height: 192px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIeUhPK2xaloMf_HymYk39Fjiw1ngAVWULQOn47w6l6fRsAnCIjPXnTqrjBt-GMR-t5Bx1AA3-HOLc4PoJNLo73vlQQIdmbRpLWsxioGqFLTXF2U5KgBkKEa05asSeM_oHwJzJauCpdAUv/s320/ralph_waldo_emerson.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727632533023322770" border="0" /></a>After some further thought, and the conclusion that the scope of my initial proposal was too all encompassing, I have settled on the following topic for my expanded project proposal (all commentary is welcome!).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I would like to focus on Ralph Waldo Emerson’s influence on Whitman and the themes of his poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman has stated: “I was simmering, simmering, simmering, Emerson brought me to a boil.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Key questions for my project include:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>How aware of Emerson was Whitman and what specific writings of Emerson’s brought Whitman to a “boil”?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What themes from Emerson’s key essays and speeches (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Nature</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The American Scholar</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Poet</i>, others TBD) can we see reflected in the segments of Whitman’s poetry and prose that we have read?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What key differences do I see between the two writers (thematic or otherwise)?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In addition, I would also like to spend some time looking into Whitman and Emerson’s direct interactions and relationship following the initial publication of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i> in 1855.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>My rationale for pursuing this topic is twofold. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Firstly, I am interested in the various influences that contributed to the style and themes of Whitman’s poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Secondly, I have not read any Emerson (or any other of the Transcendentalists) and would like to use this project as an excuse to do so.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In terms of the evidence of my learning, I would propose using a presentation style format that outlines some of the basic background to the questions I propose above and, more importantly, takes specific quotations from Whitman’s writings and ties them to specific quotations of Emerson’s writings in an effort to best illuminate overlapping themes by the two writers.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This project will require me to read and analyze several of Emerson’s key works and to conduct research on Whitman’s literary and personal interactions with Emerson.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The final presentation will allow me to outline a number of the key themes of Whitman’s poetry that we have discussed this semester and compare and contrast these themes to the writings of one of the most respected intellectual minds of Whitman’s time.</div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]-->Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-69114278196216535662012-03-28T13:30:00.003-07:002012-03-28T13:33:32.636-07:00Peter Doyle<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHSpqc9bhj0HTU1pOuIk3Yw7o7ygsALsUXX4WiccQuGjbftZWcvmEowGTeOsyFw9gg4q1p1tz_4_2L_1kPMP-ftT0x4gpJYMXygvZzEjhPn-LwNeMDEeZjUVCUqN0vPftBx8Ytb3o08Wn6/s1600/Opposites-attract.jpg"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 169px; height: 246px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHSpqc9bhj0HTU1pOuIk3Yw7o7ygsALsUXX4WiccQuGjbftZWcvmEowGTeOsyFw9gg4q1p1tz_4_2L_1kPMP-ftT0x4gpJYMXygvZzEjhPn-LwNeMDEeZjUVCUqN0vPftBx8Ytb3o08Wn6/s320/Opposites-attract.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5725048289187458578" border="0" /></a>Peter Doyle was Whitman’s long-time friend and companion whom Whitman met while riding on a Washington horsecar after work in 1865.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Doyle, an Irish American immigrant, was working in Washington as a conductor following his time in the confederate army where he had participated in some of the bloodiest battles in American history.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While Whitman and Doyle were polar opposites, both in terms of their physical appearance as well as their backgrounds (intellectually and politically),<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>they were immediately drawn to one another and would spend the greater part of their lives together until Whitman’s death, although the two never actually lived with one another.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The difference in their appearance is striking – Whitman, 45 in 1865, was tall, paunchy and graying significantly by the time he met the boyish 21 year old Doyle who stood at a mere five-foot eight and had smallish features to boot (the two portraits of Whitman and Doyle are reminiscent of a child sitting on Santa’s lap).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Doyle likely appealed to Whitman’s continued sense of himself as a working man and one of the “roughs,” despite his increasingly well known literary status.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Doyle would be a source of inspiration for Whitman for some of the later <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Calamus</i> poems.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In addition, Doyle presence at Ford’s theater the night of Lincoln’s assassination makes him a likely source for some of the specifics of the event that Whitman outlines in his poetry as well as in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Specimen Days</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The use of fixed rhyme in meter in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">O Captain! 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font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]-->Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-71088905472256374672012-03-14T14:13:00.001-07:002012-03-14T14:14:53.065-07:00Birds and Birds and Birds<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjz1QIzk_sRPBcXY9JaVPlxwLtrYNk3CSVU2EHZw3xV0IYwbATapP6HGarVbKQxpgg9P0Cl4lOhdOIpxI6go4dsO0n_NYXOWnJHE5Xssw6jK3JtA5U472CYWYYMtLZjO7UIhHhN_fosB0s/s1600/flock-of-birds-silhouette-thumb12810505.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 219px; height: 146px;" 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5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify">For my <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Specimen Days</i> entry this week I went with the dartboard approach and selected at random.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I landed on the entry Birds and Birds and Birds.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This is a relatively short entry where Whitman speaks of his fascination with the myriad of birds singing and flying overhead as he sits outside on a spring day.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He then challenges himself to see how many species he can name and goes on to list more than thirty.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While the entry is all of two lines and then a list of a bunch of birds, I find it fascinating (as I do most of the entries in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Specimen Days</i> given how many of them are so deliciously random) because, despite its brevity, I can see so much of Whitman’s core in it.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>You feel his love of being outside, his interest in nature, his love of birds and animals, and his somewhat odd need to catalogue the world around him.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The entry reads like free flowing thought and I can feel the direct correlation of how Whitman lives his own life with the themes he writes about in his poetry.</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-65125035817518720802012-03-14T13:42:00.002-07:002012-03-14T13:43:11.073-07:00Martin F. 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name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif][if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]-->Martin F. Tupper was a 19<sup>th</sup> century British writer and poet who is best known for his book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Proverbial Philosophy</i>, an amalgamation of sententious and morally driven tid bits by which Tupper felt we all should live by.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While I have not read any of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Proverbial Philosophy</i>, I am imagining Emily Post’s book on Etiquette in vaguely poetic form.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Very popular in its time (both in England and in the US), Tupper’s work was eventually cast aside by critics and Tupper became the personification of what bad literature was all about.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Several of the British reviewers of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i> used Tupper’s name to enhance the derision they bestowed on Whitman’s work.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>One of the more memorable comments came from The Examiner where the reviewer describes Whitman as “a wild Tupper of the West” and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i> as something that could have been written by Tupper had he been banished to the backwoods and read Emerson and Carlyle until he went insane.</div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify">There is an interesting article in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Whitman Quarterly Review</i> by Matt Cohen entitled “Martin Tupper, Walt Whitman, and the Early Reviews of Leaves of Grass.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While Whitman was aware of Tupper and probably had read some of his writings, he had not met Tupper which, as Cohen states, is not surprising given their complete opposite personal backgrounds.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The most interesting aspect of the article is Cohen’s assertion that Whitman may have used Tupper’s work as the basis for the free form verse he utilizes in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>So why would Whitman have used the poetic form of someone who was the living antithesis to the themes of his own poetry?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This is a question that is probably impossible to answer with certainty, but it certainly reinforces the notion that Whitman was not afraid to cherry pick techniques and themes, even from people or institutions that he was fundamentally opposed to.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman was an aggregator of sorts, and there was no place that was off limits for his treasure hunt.</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-79787562778137208922012-03-12T23:23:00.003-07:002012-03-12T23:29:23.107-07:00Whitman's 20th Century Cultural Ubiquity<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> 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<![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal">I depart as air….. I shake my white locks at the runaway sun,<br />I effuse my flesh in eddies and drift it in lacy jags.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal">You will hardly know who I am or what I mean,<br />But I shall be good health to you nevertheless,<br />And filter and fibre your blood.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>– Walt Whitman from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify">When considering Whitman’s presence in contemporary popular culture, these lines from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Song of Myself</i> take on a whole new and somewhat prophetic meaning.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Similar to the air and the water that Whitman transforms himself into at the end of this poem, Whitman’s presence in popular cultural is as close to ubiquitous as any poet might expect to achieve.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He is everywhere, and, as he tells us, you will hardly know what he means.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman’s poetry, his image, his persona, his inspiration, his sexuality, his interest in nature, and his celebrity all seem to be increasingly popular avenues for those purveyors of mass media to lean on.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>And while they do so with a consistent frequency, their reasons for doing so and the resulting implications regarding what Walt Whitman was all about, are far from consistent.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>An internet search quickly reveals a plethora of appearances, from books, to movies, to magazines, to television, to commercials, as well as some neat little finds such as the “Walt Whitman Mall” in Huntington, NY and the accompanying “Walt Whitman Corporate Center” (the irony here of course is strong but I will save these for some other time).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Here is a 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]-->In short, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Bull Durham</i> is a love story revolving around a journeyman minor league catcher, an up and coming pitching prospect, and the small town English teacher (and probably the greatest baseball movie ever made).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Susan Sarandon plays Annie Savoy, a lover of baseball and the men who play it as well as the local mystic and female component to the story’s love triangle.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Annie opens the movie entering Durham North Carolina’s minor league ball park and states: “Walt Whitman once said: ‘I see great things in baseball.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It’s our game, the American game.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It will repair our losses and be a blessing to us.’”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Later, after tying Ebby Calvyn “Nuke” LaLoosh to her bedposts for some hotly anticipated sexual shenanigans, Annie reads him several lines from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">I Sing the Body Electric</i> which befuddle the dim-witted LaLoosh, particularly her reading of the line “limitless limpid jets of love.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While I could not find clips of either of these scenes, I have included the well known clip where Kevin Costner’s character Crash Davis gives his speech on what he stands for.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>And while he does not specifically reference Whitman, you can hear a little Whitman in him, both in terms of the content of the speech as well as it’s cataloging structure.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In general, Whitman references within the movie are used to reinforce the theme of baseball as the quintessential American game as well as Annie’s mysticism and sexual freedom with which she operates in the movie.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The references to Whitman in this movie work harmoniously with the themes of the movie and are generally consistent with my own conception of Whitman and what he stood for. </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u>Movie: Leaves of Grass (2009)</u></i></p><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/j39X9BYVpv8" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" width="560"></iframe><br /><br /><div 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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass </i>is a<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> </i>goofy comedy and crime story staring<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> </i>Edward Norton who plays the roles of both Bill and Brady Kincaid, identical twin brothers who have taken very different paths in life.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Bill has run as far away from his small town roots as he can, shedding his southern accent and achieving career success in the highly structured world of Ivy League academia (classical philosophy to be exact).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Brady, on the other hand, remains rooted in his Oklahoma hometown exhibiting little ambition beyond his desire to smoke weed and develop his state of the art grow house that supports his weed habit as well as his family.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>When Brady gets himself into trouble, he lures his brother home with some subterfuge to help him out.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Comedy ensues and Bill learns a few things about himself along the way.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The small town English teacher, played by Keri Russell, functions as the love interest for Bill and helps him learn a few things about himself by, among other things, quoting a few lines to him from Whitman’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">To You</i> while fishing for catfish (see clip).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The title of the film refers both to Walt Whitman as well as to Brady’s preoccupation with marijuana.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman is ultimately used to support Bill’s enlightenment and his recognition that he can’t hide from his true self no matter how many textbooks he is familiar with.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Toward the end of the movie, Bill gives a speech that reminded me a lot of Whitman’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While the movie makes no connection between Whitman and drug use, you might certainly assume this to be the case if you knew nothing about Whitman, and it does raise some interesting questions about the writer/director’s intentions.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Finally, I would note that Susan Sarandon plays the mother in the movie – what is it with Susan Sarandon and movies with Whitman in them?</div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u>Internet Song/Video: “Walt Whitman” by My Robot Friend</u></i></p> <iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/dbeBbi23Sfw" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" width="420"></iframe><br /><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify">I discovered this video through its mention in Andrew Jewell and Kenneth M. Price’s article “Walt Whitman: Twentieth-century Mass Media Appearances” from 2006.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I have included access to the full song on the blog so I will skip any description.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The song and accompanying images are focused mostly on Whitman as the poet of sex and homosexual love.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The point of view on these matters is hard to pin point though.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is unclear to me whether the song is meant to function as condemnation, celebration, or merely playful representation.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The video does not shy away from more controversial images including pictures of Whitman seated with young children with suggestive lines from his poetry overlayed on the image.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Jewell and Price state that “My Robot Friend understands Whitman as a playful cultural figure, one whose image is deeply intertwined with sexuality and gleefully accommodate irony and humor.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The clip certainly serves to reinforce the wide range of portrayals Whitman receives in public media.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify">So what is it that makes Whitman so popular in American mass culture?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I have some thoughts, albeit incipient ones that are far from complete.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Firstly, I believe Whitman’s “Americanism” makes him a natural person to use as a representation for those looking to promote the American dream, whether that be new Levi’s jeans or something more ideological.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Furthermore, while Whitman can in some ways be thought of as the quintessential American ideologue himself, he was also frequently distrustful of institutions including those of the American government and the people who ran them.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In other words, he loved the idea of America but not necessarily all the tangible forms these ideas manifested themselves as.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman, in effect, is patriot and rebel at the same time. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This spanning of the spectrum allows for the use of Whitman’s persona in messages with patriotic themes without any sort of implied or underlying political agenda.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman can appeal to both right wing die hard patriots and left wing progressives at the same time.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Secondly, there is something about much of his poetry that simply transcends time and topic.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Just as I used lines from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i> to introduce this post, others have found a myriad of ways to utilize, and oftentimes manipulate, Whitman’s words for their own cause or interest.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman is challenging to categorize, both the man as well as his poetry, which allows for endless and oftentimes contradictory uses of his words and image without the risk of public backlash as a result of a perceived misrepresentation. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There seems to be a thought among people, particularly Americans, that any ties to Walt Whitman are “good health” no matter what the context.</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-78108500375969172692012-03-06T13:18:00.001-08:002012-03-06T13:20:18.249-08:00Considering New Ground - Reviews of Leaves of Grass<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNAnK1Znbvyk2jJY6xiBn32UhklYiEbMsWtBvklQTZ4Z_3HuRdF7Rxp1zx_UVEvj-pBxgQb71soK1-POMk5zVEJremIyLyi0ns2j35GBz0ys8JGOGctI0jCnuYJXDYodn4ilM6Et2LTj-a/s1600/Warning.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 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mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify">I ventured into the reviews of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i> with the preconceived notion that the critical consensus was outright dismissal.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>And while there is some this, particularly from a few of the reviewers from across the Atlantic, most of the reviews, at a minimum, acknowledge some level of insight and talent by Whitman, despite a general consensus regarding the “reckless and indecent” nature of the language.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The later reviews (beyond January 1856) seemed to be impacted by the original reviews as well as Emerson’s initial comments, as opposed to simply the book itself, which makes the initial reviews the most reflective of the true impact the book had on reviewers (and potentially readers) when first released.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Take for example Charles Eliot Norton’s review in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Putnam’s Monthly</i> which opens with a description of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i> as a “curious and lawless collection of poems.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Norton acknowledges Whitman as a “new light in poetry” but feels the frequent use of slang and impolite language damage the impact resulting in poems that are “gross yet elevated, superficial yet profound, preposterous yet somehow fascinating.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A number of the initial reviews fit into this category: a partial recognition of something new and interesting tempered by an adverse reaction to the slang and frank sexual nature of some of the poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Even the review in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Christian Spiritualist</i>, which you might assume to have a completely negative and uncompromising reaction to the purported lascivious nature of the poems, recommends that readers take note of this “remarkable volume” as a sign of the times.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify">I wanted to note a few basic themes that seemed to occur more than a few times across the reviews.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Firstly, the initial reviewers (the July-October 1855 reviews) were totally dumfounded in their initial attempts to categorize it.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This is understandable given the non-traditional manner in which the book was constructed, published and distributed.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The unidentified author (at least initially), the lack of a formal publisher, the unlabeled daguerreotype, and the free-style prose-like writing all contributed to descriptions of the book as “odd”, “peculiar” and “curious”, even before the reviewers were able to consider the content of the poems.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Also, I found the consistent fascination with Whitman’s picture very interesting.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I don’t typically think of the author’s picture on a dust jacket as a source of much interest or controversy, but in this case, the lack of an author’s name left the reviewers with nothing else to consider in terms of the book’s authorship and Whitman’s unconventional sartorial choice and loafing pose added to the shock value of the first few pages of the book (a stroke of marketing genius by Whitman when you think about it).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Based solely on the reviews of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i>, I would summarize the critical viewpoint in 1855 regarding the nature of poetry as such: <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Good poetry is a medium of language that conforms to certain well established structural forms that result in perfect melody, illuminates events and topics that are beyond the comprehension of the common man, and utilizes sufficient ornaments and wit so that the poem may be recited in the mixed social company of one’s parlor or drawing room.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A number of quotes from Rufus W. Griswold’s review of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Maud</i> reflect this statement:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>“…the measure of poetic feeling cannot be full when we do not care for the highest grace and symmetry of construction…”; and “…the true poet seeks a laurel that the world cannot gather, growing on mountains where it’s feet never tread...”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Many of the negative comments regarding <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Leaves of Grass</i> seem to attack it on a lack of adherence to one of these common notions of good poetry and continually return to the fact that the indecency of language and themes make the poems unsuitable for the masses.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The British reviewers were particularly harsh on Whitman given a centuries long association with traditional forms of poetry – any positive comments on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i> were viewed as an insult to the likes of Shakespeare and Byron.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While Whitman was certainly not pleased by the negative tone of many of the initial reviews, he certainly must have been pleased to have been described as the antithesis to the commonly accepted notion of good poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I can’t imagine Whitman being anything but pleased by the description of him in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Christian Spiritualist</i> as having “… a wild strength, a Spartan simplicity about [him], as he stalks among the dapper gentlemen of his generation, like a drunken Hercules amid the dainty dancers.”</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-79103488905053194092012-03-05T11:33:00.000-08:002012-03-05T11:34:54.007-08:00Broadway Sights<a 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name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif][if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify">For my long overdue posting on Specimen Days (comparing versions of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">A Song for Occupations</i> was a much longer process than I anticipated!), I wanted to comment on the entry entitled “Broadway Sights.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In this entry, Whitman notes his pleasure in spending time on Broadway and the various sights and people he had seen through the years while milling around this particularly frenetic area of the city (including several presidents and other prominent U.S. political figures, the Prince of Wales, Charles Dickens, and James Fenimore Cooper).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>As a former resident of lower Manhattan, I can relate to Whitman’s experience and the uniqueness of New York City as a place of residence.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The sheer number of people and resulting closeness, the cultural variety, the perpetual energy and lack of adherence to most circadian norms.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There really is nowhere else like it – certainly not in the U.S. anyway.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Whitman’s posting started me thinking about his environment in New York and the impact it had on his poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>One particular theme that we have discussed frequently is that of the “high and the low” and Whitman’s desire to experience and expatiate on life at both ends of the spectrum.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There is likely no better place to have access to the extremes of life than in New York City.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The destitute sleep in the streets right outside buildings and apartments of extreme opulence.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Those who make their living as prostitutes do so in close proximity to the “high” culture of the opera and world renowned museums.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman certainly took advantage of the cultural and economic diversity New York offered during his time.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He frequented the opera while at the same time recognizing and respecting the popular draw of a place like Barnum’s American museum.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He communicated with the likes of Edgar Allen Poe while also relating to the working class Bowery B’hoys.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman refused to be limited to any one point on life’s spectrum and his environment in New York allowed him to move freely across various categories.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Another theme that may have been influenced by New York is the conflict Whitman continually revisits between the importance of the “the self” and the need for contact with other human beings.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In Manhattan, space is at a premium and for the most part people in the city are essentially living on top of one another.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There is a forced closeness that the city necessitates in almost all aspects of life.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>At the same time (and I think you may have to have lived there to truly appreciate this), New York City can also be one of the loneliest places on the planet. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is a place full of individuals focused on their own initiatives, their own situation, their own problems.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Your neighbor may live so close you can smell him, but there is a good chance you don’t even know his name.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Eye contact on the street is reserved for tourists and those with nothing better to do.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I feel this conflict of the individual as all-important versus the individual as part of a group in many of Whitman’s poems, particularly in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>, as Whitman oscillates between moments of extreme individual reflection and moments of close contact with all types of his fellow man.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">I am certain Whitman’s experiences in New York City helped form the basis for much of his poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Given my time in New York City, this makes his writing even more interesting to me.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It also makes me wonder what kind of poet Whitman would have been had he been born in Iowa...</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-76710980209967560282012-02-29T16:44:00.001-08:002012-02-29T16:45:47.297-08:00Fanny Wright<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkO37BYBwHG8GFzAvSuouRW6IoPI_sYTzfc2b6Oz0NJoRjjrC78a730JvzmgyrOPoOxf_r5J5jZRELjya6TM3X8E3_LNwpN6ZcoOT-hdpB5Z_C077xI-da0VTnU-Pidu7p46NbIu26q-XY/s1600/REwright2.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 136px; height: 194px;" 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mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">In David Reynolds review of the biography <u>Fanny Wright, Rebel in America</u> by Celia Morris Eckhardt, he summarizes the public’s view of Fanny Wright as such:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:9.0pt">To her enemies, she was the ''Red Harlot of Infidelity,'' whose ideas, if put into practice, would turn the world into ''one vast immeasurable brothel.'' To her admirers, she was a bold apostle of liberation and equality in an age of prudish sexual mores, widening class division and slavery.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Fanny Wright was an uncompromising social activist who seems to have been no stranger to controversy in her day.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Originally born in Scotland, Wright traveled to the U.S. when young and while a proponent of the social system she found in place in the U.S. relative to what she viewed as the corrupt social and political fabric of Europe, she found no shortage of problems with the U.S. social system as well.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While diverse in the causes she pursued, she was particularly active in promoting the causes of racial equality, female equality, and the plight of the poor.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>She was polemical in her attacks on organized religion, greed, and capitalism, and the resulting social injustices caused by these institutions.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">In many ways, Fanny Wright feels like a “radicalized” version of Whitman.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman maintained similar points of view with respect to racial and female equality which he speaks about frequently in his poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Unlike Wright, Whitman was not willing to pursue more extremist ends though to achieve change in the status quo.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He preferred to believe that the pleas of his poetry would be sufficient to ultimately affect change.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Similar to Wright, Whitman also maintained a somewhat negative view of institutions such as the church and various aspects of the U.S. government.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Instead of viewing them as inherently evil though, he took a softer stance viewing them as poor representations of the noble underpinnings which they theoretically were based on.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is unclear if Whitman ever met Wright, but it’s clear that he was a reader of her writing and was influenced by many of her ideas.</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-74084546605087442652012-02-29T12:05:00.004-08:002012-02-29T15:48:36.463-08:00The Evolution of A Song for Occupations<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRKahNApa256jg1a5iU8wFcQN5UMrQrewJ0Ggw80klBL3zf-lyWkMpLlk9BtwXsvYIxApOgc86bzeLg-Zm-3OeqCYZQdg7PMDgYQcnMMB0ckCEtUJOmlu4wTaDvpaFotxmambmtGZn0I_M/s1600/Occupations.gif"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 158px; height: 156px;" 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">A Song for Occupations</i> (“ASFO”) is very much an extension of some of the themes highlighted in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>So much so that Whitman begins ASFO with a comment regarding the “unfinished business” of the poem.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>As in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>, the individual remains the focus and the recognition of the soul the panacea for all.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>As an extension of this, there is a similar general dismissal of institutions, be they government, business or religion, in favor of the self.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The “every atom” line that opens <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i> is essentially repeated as Whitman again invites his reader to push close to him and to give/take all the best they possess.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman again outlines his views on the equality of all people (“Is it you that thought the President greater than you? or the rich better off than you?”) and aligns himself personally with the workingman.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Ultimately, ASFO is Whitman’s commentary on the paradox he sees in the everyday work of common people.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>On the one hand, he sees one’s labor as providing hints at the underlying nature of one’s soul while on the other hand viewing labor to be separate and not intrinsic to one’s identity as a person:</div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in">…In them [the occupations] the heft of the heaviest…. in them far more than you estimated, and far<br /><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>less also,<br />In them realities for you and me…. in them poems for you and me, [Added in 1860 version]<br />In them, not yourself…. you and your soul enclose all things, regardless of estimation,<br />In them your themes and hints and provokers.. if not, the whole earth has no<br /><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>themes or hints or provokers, and never had.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Whitman clearly sees one’s “occupation” as a window to their soul.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In a later version of the poem, he adds to the opening: “In the labor of engines and trades and the labor of fields, I find the developments and find the eternal meetings.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is interesting that Whitman himself had so many occupations in his early lifetime – a diverse occupational existence, one might call it, which certainly meshes with the diversity of his poetry and its themes.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">There is something blasphemous about laying out Whitman in tabular format but it seemed to me the most effective way to capture the basic changes to the poem in the various editions -- see the summary below for some notes on each edition.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In general, the poem gradually shifts from a position of prominence in the 1855/56 editions, to slightly less prominence in the 1860 edition (still up front but a segment of a larger poem), to less prominence in the 1867 and beyond editions.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While the poem is moved to the middle of the collection in the 1867 edition, Whitman continued to make meaningful revisions to this edition.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Beyond 1867, the poem remains substantially the same with the exception of the elimination of the original lines of the poem in 1882.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In general, the poem initially expands from its original version and then contracts somewhat in Whitman’s middle age years before settling into a “final” version in 1867.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is certainly difficult to parse the “shifting identity” of the poem in a couple of sittings (I feel like I could spend a whole week on this), but overall I get the sense that Whitman’s connection to the themes of ASFO diminishes over time.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>As his popularity and success increased, Whitman could possibly have felt less connected to the “rough” workingman he considered himself to be in his early days.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I have not read the other poems that received higher billing in the later editions, so I can’t comment on where his attentions shifted or how he portrays himself in these poems.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>And while it’s totally unfair for me to draw formal conclusions based on what are purely personal speculations, I can’t help but be a little disappointed in Whitman.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It’s a bit to me like seeing Alice Cooper playing in celebrity golf tournaments (which he does frequently).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I keep waiting for him to do something outrageous like spit blood on the other golfers or eat a live chicken, but instead, I quickly realize he is just there to play golf because he enjoys it.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Just like all the other straight laced golfers.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Such a bummer!</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u>1855 Edition:<br /></u></i>Title:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>No title given<br />Location:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2<sup>nd</sup> of 12 poems<br />Major Changes to Text:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>None / initial version<br />Other Comments:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>None</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u>1856 Edition:<br /></u></i>Title:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Poem of the Daily Work of the Workmen and Workwomen of These States<br />Location:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>4<sup>th</sup> of 32 poems<br />Major Changes to Text:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Punctual; Significant additions to working categories at end of poem (“The Brewery…”, “electric telegraph…”, “Coins and medals…”, etc.); Addition to final stanza: “When I can touch the body of books… and when they touch my body back again”<br />Other Comments:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Maintains prominent position within overall text</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u>1860 Edition:<br /></u></i>Title:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Chants Democratic<br />Location:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Third poem in considerably larger volume (behind <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Walt Whitman</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">proto-leaf</i>)<br />Major Changes to Text:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Additions of “Male and Female!” and “Workmen and Workwomen!” to opening lines of poem ; Strikes “Utahan” and “Iroquois” lines; In working categories at end of poem, adds: “In them realities for you and me… in them poems for you and me.”; Intro to final stanza adds: “…All I love America for, is contained in men and women like you.”<br />Other Comments:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Original text comprises 3<sup>rd</sup> section of new longer poem (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Chants Democratic</i>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u>1867 Edition:<br /></u></i>Title:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>To Workingmen<br />Location:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Poem moved to back half of collection<br />Major Changes to Text:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Key new stanza to beginning of poem: “This is the poem of occupations; In the labor… I find the developments, and find the eternal meanings.”; Kills line “If you see a good deal remarkable in me I see just as much remarkable in you.”; Kills line “I see and hear you, and what you give and take…”; Kills line “The naïve, the simple and hardy, he going to the polls to vote…”; <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Word addition “Camerado”; Moves ending stanza to middle of poem; Adds line” Strange and hard that paradox true I give; Objects gross and the unseen Soul are one.”; Reworks and shortens the working categories at end of poem; Strikes mention of President in final stanza<br />Other Comments:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Poem feels less substantial both in terms of placement and length</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u>1872 Edition:<br /></u></i>Title:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Carol of Occupations<br />Location:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Middle of collection<br />Major Changes to Text:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Poem remains substantially the same as the 1867 version<br />Other Comments:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>None</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u>1882 Edition:<br /></u></i>Title:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A Song for Occupations<br />Location:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Poem remains in middle of collection but moves up slightly<br />Major Changes to Text:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Kills first eight lines of original poem; Starts with addition of “A song for occupations!” and picks up with “In the labor of engines…”;<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He moves the original closing lines of 1855 version back to the end of the poem from the middle.<br />Other Comments:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>None</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u>1892 Edition:<br /></u></i>Title:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A Song for Occupations<br />Location:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Substantially the same position as 1882 edition<br />Major Changes to Text:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Essentially no changes to poem<br />Other Comments:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>None</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-24760262373199998842012-02-22T15:31:00.003-08:002012-02-22T15:36:29.840-08:00The Bowery B'Hoys<a 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unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif][if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">There is a lot of great information out there on the Bowery B’Hoys.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In general, the term Bowery B’Hoys refers to the groups of young working class men who frequented the Bowery section of lower Manhattan for entertainment in the 1830’s/40’s.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>According to the book <u><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Five-Points-Neighborhood-Elections-Notorious/dp/143914155X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1329950916&sr=8-1"><span style="color:windowtext">Five Points: The 19th Century New York City Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum</span></a></span></u><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"> by Tyler Anbinder (lengthy but great title!), the bowery b’hoys “loved fun, adventure, hard drinking, and a night out with his pals.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While the group had a unique style of dress (which was partially tied to their frequent role as firefighters), the book also quotes George C. Foster who described a unique attitude maintained by most bowery b’hoys: “the governing sentiment, pride and passion of the B’hoy is independence – that he can do as he pleases and is able, under all circumstances, to take care of himself.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He abhors dependence, obligation.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The book goes on to further describe the bowery b’hoys as maintaining a commitment to family and friends, a dislike of the aristocracy, and a love of adventure (known for feats of courage).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In addition, they are described as typically being native Americans working as tradespeople.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">The bowery b’hoys status as working class men was certainly one that appealed to Whitman.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i> espouses little animosity for any group (excluding a few pokes at the upper class), Whitman certainly related to the working class and functions through his poetry as a champion of the common working person regardless of class status – man, woman, white, black, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>According to David Reynolds, Whitman frequently mixed with the bowery b’hoys, attending plays and other forms of entertainment and tried to capture the “vitality and defiance” of the b’hoys in his poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>And while Whitman was not a fan of the frequent violence in lower Manhattan that was sometimes associated with the bowery b’hoys, he held their defiance in high regard – as he states in his preface to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i>: “A heroic person walks at his ease through and out of that custom or precedent or authority that suits him not.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In this sense, Whitman was certainly a b’hoy himself. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"></span></span></p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-69301419288573180232012-02-21T10:31:00.002-08:002012-02-21T10:34:42.449-08:00Version Control - 1855 to 1860 to1867...<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvEuu6DItAHyanafKLpGnOxGPeGd1Hl1VuDFsUID7WG6scQr7jPtPl8jzT6Iz4OOnJbhPlseSJTVXPDpAul3fMzSc_lWD5ORZOpRTo3Kxph03TybX2D5Og7nRLIc5AGpzAT1lHCYk1olTZ/s1600/sell_on_change.png"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 257px; height: 203px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvEuu6DItAHyanafKLpGnOxGPeGd1Hl1VuDFsUID7WG6scQr7jPtPl8jzT6Iz4OOnJbhPlseSJTVXPDpAul3fMzSc_lWD5ORZOpRTo3Kxph03TybX2D5Og7nRLIc5AGpzAT1lHCYk1olTZ/s320/sell_on_change.png" alt="" 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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><i style="font-weight: bold;">1855 vs 1860 Versions:</i> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">The 1860 version of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i> is substantially expanded from the 1850 version and includes a number of new poems and expansions of originals from the 1855 version.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>To get a sense for the sheer size of the new volume, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i> (which remains largely unchanged between the two versions) constituted about 45% of the pages of the 1855 version (including the preface) while <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i> constitutes only 18% or so of the total pages of the 1860 version.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In other words, the 1860 version is about 2.5 times larger than the original in terms of word volume.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While Whitman dropped his preface from the original version, major new works are included in the 1860 version including the proto-leaf, a substantially expanded version of what would come to be known as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song for Occupations,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Calamus</i>, and a significant number of smaller poems.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There seems to have been a desire for increased organization with the 1860 version containing a table of contents and the longer poems being separated into numbered sections.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is unclear if this was Whitman’s doing or his editors, but given Whitman’s closeness to the text and his background as a newspaper man and familiarity with print typing, I would assume is was more Whitman’s doing than anyone else’s.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In addition to the increases in overall organization, there seems to be an attempt in the 1860 version to limit the overall length of each line (or grouping of lines) resulting in greater visual symmetry when looking at each individual page.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This is different from the 1855 version where the lines of each stanza sprawl across the page regardless of relative length.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">With respect to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>, I didn’t notice a substantial number of material changes to the text between the 1855 and 1860 versions.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There were several areas where I noticed word/line additions, but the overall sequence and tone of the poem seemed to remain mostly the same with no substantial additions or subtractions.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>To provide one example of an addition, following the line “To be in any form, what is that?”, Whitman added the following parenthetical in the 1860 edition: “(around and round we go, all of us, and ever come before thither,).”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In the Alamo sequence, Whitman dropped the term “jetblack sunrise” in two places.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What I noticed more than the additions/subtractions, were a substantial amount of is what I would call “tinkering” – changes to punctuation, spelling, capitalization, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>These may have been simple clean-ups either by Whitman or others given the likely wider audience and resources that were applied to the 1860 version but they could also be representative of Whitman’s obsession with the text and his need to make small edits.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p style="font-weight: bold;" class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">1860 Blue Book vs 1867 Version:</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">The changes from 1860 to 1867 were far more substantial than those from 1855 to 1860.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Overall, the ongoing civil war seems to have had a major impact on Whitman’s outlook and resulted in changes to several sections of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In addition, Whitman seems to have a greater perspective at this point as to the reception and impact <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Song of Myself</i> had had on contemporary society and other academics.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There are a couple of specific areas with respect to his edits that support these premises that I wanted to focus on:</p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>The first substantial deletion shows up in section 17 where Whitman is discussing the ubiquity of the themes of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Interestingly, these particular lines had been changed between the 1855 and 1860 versions indicating a long-term focus on this part of the poem.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The following lines were deleted in their entirety (original lines from the 1855 text with marks to show changes to the 1860 version):<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in">This is the breath <u>for America, because it is my breath,<br />This is for</u> <s>of</s> laws<u>,</u><s> and</s> songs<u>,</u> <s>for</s> behavior,<br />This is the tasteless water of <u>S</u>ouls…. this is the true sustenance,<br />It is for the illiterate<u>,</u> <s>it is</s> <u>and</u> for the judges of the <u>S</u>upreme <u>C</u>ourt…. <s>it is</s> <u>and</u> for the<br /><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><u>F</u>ederal <u>C</u>apitol and the <u>S</u>tate <u>C</u>apitols,<br /><s>It is</s> <u>And</u> for the admirable communes of liter<u>ats,</u><s>ary men and</s> composers<u>,</u> <s>and</s> singers<u>,</u> <s>and</s><br /><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>lecturers<u>,</u> <s>and</s> engineers and savans,<br /><u>And</u><s> It is</s> for the endless races of work<u>-</u><s>ing </s>people<u>,</u><s> and</s> farmers and seaman.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify">By deleting these lines and words such as “America”, “Supreme Court”, “Federal Capitols”, and “State Capitols”, Whitman reduces some of the “American” specificity to the poem and the section reads in a more general manner.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This is particularly interesting because this deletion essentially has the opposite effect of the changes he made to the 1860 version.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Whitman makes a number of changes on pages 51-55 of the blue book, including several line deletions (most of which seem to be to create a more direct effect of the remaining lines) and the addition of an interesting line in section 23 that reads: “I accept time absolutely.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It alone is without flaw, It rounds and completes all.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>That mystic, baffling wonder I love, alone completes me.”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify">Another minor change in section 23 was very interesting to me.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman changes his language slightly when speaking to other scientists about their work and how his own work should compare to theirs.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Later in the poem (section 42), Whitman changes the words in which he addresses the upper class going from “Those who piddle and patter” to the harsher “The little plentiful mannikins.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While these changes are relatively small, Whitman seems to maintain an increased sensitivity with respect to the wider audience he has reached with his work.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He wants to clarify where his poem stands among the various sciences and seems to want to berate the upper echelons of society who may have received his work in a negative manner when initially published.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>On pages 76-77 of the blue book, Whitman considers deleting the entire Alamo sequence but ultimately decides to leave it in.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There is definitely a focus and a number of changes to the battle related sequences in the poem, including the inclusion of the reference to Whitman’s grandmother’s father in the sea battle sequence and the deletion of a number of lines in section 37 that refer to America’s war for independence.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The horrors of the ongoing civil war were certainly forefront in Whitman’s mind as he made edits to the 1860 version.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Later in the poem, Whitman adds a line regarding the solemn existence of the soldier.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in">The soldier camp’d, or upon the march, is mine;<br />On the night ere the pending battle, many seek me,<br /><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>and I do not fail them;<br />On the solemn night (it may be there last,) those that<br /><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>know me seek me.</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-70871718174420325882012-02-16T11:43:00.001-08:002012-02-16T11:44:45.414-08:00The Oneida Community<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyV00AW_T5abOfdeAj965pPgQ6qOCUyQnF-omQ4pnNhwq_4BWB47XqxntbaR1TQN_3saWGg57d-tq5n_gmO2OeguNfRoBHzTQ9smtPG1d7yda7nKD7c6w6eaTvSihJOyuy6nTCzXU8Bgqj/s1600/1249059156.jpg"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 205px; height: 267px;" 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mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]-->I am yet to find a direct connection between Whitman and The Oneida Community but there are certainly a number of interesting parallels between the lifestyle of the Oneida Community and some of the themes Whitman focuses on in his poetry.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Regarding a direct connection, I still think there is probably one out there somewhere – I look forward to hearing/reading what others have found on the topic (Iona’s post was a great one!).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Most interestingly, the editor of our recommended edition of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i>, David S. Reynolds, wrote the NYTimes review of Spencer Klaw’s book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Without Sin: The Life and Death of the Oneida Community </i>when it was published twenty years ago.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Hmmm.</div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">A number of the theories, or practices, of the Oneida Community remind me of Whitman’s poetical themes, in particular the idea of “perfectionism” and the practice of “communalism.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Perfectionism, a belief that humans could live free of sin in a heaven-like community on earth, is a theme echoed in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While the Oneida Community was theoretically a religiously driven community while Whitman, respectful of various religious, was more interested in writing the “religion of himself” (as I like to call it), there are endless passages in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself </i>that speak to Whitman’s views of his earthly existence in a divine, perfection-like manner.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>One of my favorites being the lines:</p> <p class="MsoNormal">“Swiftly arose and spread around me the peace and joy and knowledge that pass all the art and argument of the earth;<br />And I know that the hand of god is the elderhand of my own,<br />And I know that the spirit <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>of god is the eldest brother of my own,<br />And that all the men ever born are also my brothers…. and the women my sisters and lovers,<br />And that a keelson is the creation of love;”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Communalism, or the practice of communal ownership, is another life practice of the Oneida Community that I hear in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i> – “…For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman viewed himself and all people as equal in terms of possibilities of their worldly experience and he tied his views on the efficacy of his writing to a need for ubiquitous applicability across all people.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While these stances are not exactly the same as communalism as a community practice, the Oneida Community’s practice of communalism represent to me a microcosm of Whitman’s larger views on one’s place in the world relative to all other people.</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-64535076099513232282012-02-13T22:49:00.000-08:002012-02-13T23:28:47.032-08:00After Trying a Certain Book<div style="text-align: justify;"><a 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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">In the section from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Specimen Days</i> entitled “After Trying a Certain Book”, Whitman speaks of ordering and then attempting to read a scholarly volume on the “theory of poetry” but quickly determines it to be rubbish and gives up on it.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The idea of Whitman reading an academic publication on poetry is a little comical.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It’s like Sid Vicious ordering a book on how to play bass guitar – his technical skills on the instrument were certainly subpar relative to the commonly accepted notion of a good bass player, but the genius of the music was his shunning (or possible ignorance of) the standard rules of a virtuoso and simply letting the raw energy of the music shine through.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I often think of Whitman in terms like these.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Anyway, after tossing the theory book aside, Whitman jots down a few notes to himself, some of which make little sense to me, but one of which I wanted to comment on.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman notes:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify">“Common teachers or critics are always asking "What does it mean?" Symphony of fine musician, or sunset, or sea-waves rolling up the beach -- what do they mean? Undoubtedly in the most subtle-elusive sense they mean something -- as love does, and religion does, and the best poem; -- but who shall fathom and define those meanings? (I do not intend this as a warrant for wildness and frantic escapades -- but to justify the soul's frequent joy in what cannot be defined to the intellectual part, or to calculation.)”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">At a number of points in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>, Whitman speaks frankly regarding his lack of knowledge with respect to the meaning of life and other impossible philosophical queries.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Most famously, when asked “What is the Grass?” by a young child, Whitman simply answers “I do not know.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Or later in the poem, he states “You sea!... I guess what you mean” indicating his interest in these questions but never coming to or offering his reader any conclusions.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman’s note above helps provide some additional clarity with respect to how he approaches these questions, both in his poetry as well as in his life.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He does not dismiss these kinds of questions as a waste of time or chide those who spend their time attempting to answer them.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He acknowledges an underlying meaning to all aspects of life, but he realizes that it is fruitless (at least for him) to attempt to define or specify these meanings.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>One may think that by not offering a point of view on these challenging questions, Whitman could open himself up for criticism or have his poetry be viewed as weak or lacking in philosophical vision, but the real outcome is anything but weak.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman’s stance actually enhances his reader’s confidence and trust in what he is trying to say.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman is in effect saying: <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I don’t know the answers to these questions, but let me tell you what I do know.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I love the confidence of this approach.</p> </div>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-3974784213798171532012-02-13T11:28:00.000-08:002012-02-13T12:27:44.114-08:00Poetry and the long white beard...<div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhorne-F58cv5a_000QrENlhjeJrfMJ1WBfmtqu6R0L5JJkWCRJv-icXLoUAS7eeIdb2rRdVhmoAeIw0lRQyBfQZHOQTKFdOBa8FmwMJJfWnQVBMKo8iMNMy819fdwy9sEwJYFXK4Lk0ufG/s1600/longfellow.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 142px; 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Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In addition to Longfellow’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Village Blacksmith </i>(“TVB”), I took a look at the poems of the other two “Fireside/Schoolhouse Poets” on our list: William Cullen Bryant’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Thanatopsis</i> and John Greenleaf Whittier’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Hunters of Men</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While we spoke of a number of similarities and differences between Whitman and Longfellow in class last Thursday, I wanted to add one additional comparison with respect to the overall structure of TVB compared to Whitman’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i> (“SOM”).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In TVB, Longfellow follows a fairly linear path with respect to the story line and the ultimate revelation of the poem.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Longfellow sets the stage for the poem with his description of the blacksmith, his work, how he is viewed by the town and his lugubrious situation, and then neatly ends the poem with a comparison of the blacksmith and his work to life itself.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Reading the poem is like unwrapping a pristinely wrapped package.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There is clearly a beginning, middle and end to the poem and you always know where you are when reading.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman’s SOM could not be more different with respect to the overall structure.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I would describe SOM as more circular in nature with the path the poem follows being significantly less clear to the reader as he winds his way through.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>SOM is my mind has no real beginning, middle or ending; you can pick it up and read from any point with the overall structure helping to reinforce Whitman’s message of the poem as a perpetual beginning rather than a reference to a fixed amount of time.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is probably a little unfair to draw too many hard conclusions with respect to structure when comparing a relatively short poem with that of a very long one, but these differences stood out to me nonetheless.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>William Cullen Bryant’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Thanatopsis</i> is a beautiful meditation on death that foreshadows a number of themes of SOM including merging with nature, meadows/grass as an adornment for one’s coffin, and a number of references to the ocean and water as a metaphor for life. Unlike Whitman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Thanatopsis</i> takes a significantly more somber view of death and finishes with a nod to the theme of “carpe diem” so that the reader may be prepared to “join the innumerable caravan, which moves to that mysterious realm.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In short, Bryant seems to view death as more of an ending relative to Whitman who seems to have no fear of his own mortality.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In addition, you can’t help but notice the difference in diction between Bryant and Whitman.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Thanatopsis</i> is filled with “thy’s” and “thee’s” and reads like a poem written by someone highly educated in the historical manner with which you write a great poem.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whittier’s poem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Hunters of Men</i> is an anti-slavery statement that reminds me of certain passages of SOM including the sequence of the hunted slave who comes to Whitman’s home and stays for the week.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Interestingly, both Whitman and Whittier seem to have somewhat similar points of view as it relates to slavery in the union – they are both against slavery, but not necessarily pro-abolition.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Hunters of Men</i> ends with a foreshadowing of the slave hunters lost ambition as others turn away from the practice.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In other words, it is not a formal act of government that will end the practice, but a more general shift of public opinion that will ultimately turn the tide.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>With respect to its form and structure, like TVB, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Hunters of Men</i> is much more traditional in its structure with a fixed meter and rhyme.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> </div>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-39520612846640670642012-02-08T23:09:00.000-08:002012-02-09T09:25:48.512-08:00Unnamed Remains the Bravest Soldier<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif][if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">The section “Unnamed Remains the Bravest Soldier” from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Specimen Days</i> left an indelible impression on me and certainly crystalizes Whitman’s opposition to the Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The prose is elegiac and powerful as Whitman attempts to represent the deaths of thousands of soldiers through the hypothetical death of a single soldier:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify">“…the typic one of them (standing, no doubt, for hundreds, thousands,) crawls aside to some bush-clump, or ferny tuft, on receiving his death-shot -- there sheltering a little while, soaking roots, grass and soil, with red blood -- the battle advances, retreats, flits from the scene, sweeps by -- and there, haply with pain and suffering (yet less, far less, than is supposed,) the last lethargy winds like a serpent round him -- the eyes glaze in death<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">…”</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">There are a number of themes regarding the definition and actions of a “hero” from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i> that I see repeated here in this short section of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Specimen Days</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman consistently seeks to remind his readers that most acts of heroism go unknown or unnoticed.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The opening lines of this section of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Specimen Days</i> (“</span>thousands, north and south, of unwrit heroes, unknown heroisms, incredible, impromptu, first-class desperations -- who tells? No history ever…”) <span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>remind me of the “unknown heroes equal to the greatest heroes known” that Whitman speaks of in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Interestingly, in Whitman’s moments of expanded consciousness in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>, he joins several heroes in dire circumstances including the skipper of a sinking ship who provides comfort to his doomed passengers to the end.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This leads me to a second theme regarding heroism that Whitman comes back to repeatedly: the heroic equality of the person who fails in his opposition to that which he opposes with that of the person who succeeds.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Both are heroes in Whitman’s mind as both have chosen to stand against something they view as wrong – the outcome of their opposition is ultimately irrelevant.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is the act of standing up that is important.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman asks: “Have you heard that is was good to gain the day? I say it is also good to fall…. battles are lost in the same spirit in which they are won." </span></p> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"></span>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-37162861197871543262012-02-08T15:13:00.000-08:002012-02-08T15:15:45.378-08:00Whitman on Barnum's Doorstep...<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5y3_i6fZlv9inwKbGCdYvuAsVsrL9PB2uLvaqyTf5K04JLyUCPAodTEdgss1jdbBUC3jv_V_QnWWM1H8L6HvB37hNq6SdEfurlwSJsFKmkCc28IIx2wXKGskeCN7akFhrHOHGaXUNd5zj/s1600/barnumtom.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 198px; height: 250px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5y3_i6fZlv9inwKbGCdYvuAsVsrL9PB2uLvaqyTf5K04JLyUCPAodTEdgss1jdbBUC3jv_V_QnWWM1H8L6HvB37hNq6SdEfurlwSJsFKmkCc28IIx2wXKGskeCN7akFhrHOHGaXUNd5zj/s320/barnumtom.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5706907159833118882" border="0" /></a><span style="text-decoration: underline;">L</span>isted below is an excerpt from an account of President Lincoln’s trip into Manhattan in 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Not surprisingly, the president’s trip creates a traffic jam and who is there to witness the scene? <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Walt Whitman of course.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>And even more interestingly, the scene takes place right in front of Barnum’s American Museum!<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There certainly is some irony there somewhere and makes me wonder about our never ending need to witness various spectacles irrespective of their form – a presidential cavalcade and conjoined twins seem to generate the same huge amounts of interest from the masses!<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The writer even mentions some level of similarity between Lincoln and Barnum’s “Man Monkey.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Interesting stuff.<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><br /><br />Excerpt from NYTimes article: <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>“When Lincoln arrived at the Astor House, an amazing scene unfolded, which we have recorded thanks to the observations of a former reporter who had no clear vocation in 1861. Walt Whitman, formerly of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, was ensnared by a traffic jam – no doubt caused by Lincoln – sitting on top of a stalled omnibus. At 41, he was a bit stalled himself, having delivered one stunning work of poetry in 1855, but not much since then.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Lincoln descended from his carriage before the sullen crowd, staring at him like an escaped creature from P.T. Barnum’s American Museum, across the street. Could this be Barnum’s celebrated “<a href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/lm/127/"><span style="color:blue;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Man Monkey</span></a>”? Then, in an act of political legerdemain so stunningly simple and natural, Lincoln won over the crowd by doing the one thing New Yorkers were not used to: he yawned at them. Or perhaps it was more of a stretch. But it seemed to break some of the tension. Then he did it again! Whitman was smitten at first sight. In 1863 he wrote, Lincoln “has a face like a Hoosier Michael Angelo, so awful ugly it becomes beautiful, with its strange mouth, its deep cut, criss-cross lines, and its doughnut complexion.” Whitman would have been gratified to know that the admiration was mutual – Lincoln had been reading “Leaves of Grass” in his Springfield law office before heading East.”</span> </div>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-82398974230772379162012-02-07T12:28:00.001-08:002012-02-07T12:56:16.721-08:00Water and the Sea in Song of Myself<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrvpo9Q-obbPxFy3fGNA1ckY6RhN9H9p9Bly9B9P97lhqt3VsoSbXgfK1hN2uPfBY4895wcAh4gDgn5ctv5Ky47Tm1ZkMX8XbVERQTrKs2-Nb6bb3UWNdt_-cJzm0glZelUJ8XGfdmpsoc/s1600/statue_01.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 364px; height: 204px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrvpo9Q-obbPxFy3fGNA1ckY6RhN9H9p9Bly9B9P97lhqt3VsoSbXgfK1hN2uPfBY4895wcAh4gDgn5ctv5Ky47Tm1ZkMX8XbVERQTrKs2-Nb6bb3UWNdt_-cJzm0glZelUJ8XGfdmpsoc/s320/statue_01.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5706500200234366050" border="0" /></a>References to water and the sea abound in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Song of Myself</i> and contain a multitude of meanings ultimately giving the poem a feeling similar to that of the sea itself: infinitely large, all encompassing, constantly flowing, and, in many ways, impossible to fully comprehend.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Like the sea, the poem is a navigational challenge and Whitman eventually encourages his reader to push off from the shore, letting go of those “planks” and anchors which we hold on to for safety and comfort, and to become a “bold swimmer” submerged in the vast and expansive realm of the sea.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There is an ebb and flow to the sea just as there is an ebb and flow to Whitman’s personal journey in the poem itself and while it almost seems anti-Whitman (not to mention daunting!) to attempt to “explicate” the various meanings of water and the sea in the poem, I shall do my best to caress a few of the most interesting references and give you my take.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Given the lengthy list of references, I have listed them in their entirety in a separate document -- <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/190UT512oLP-FZemP8GZncdrdLR5YlJ6R118wivU6VMU/edit?hl=en_US">click here for full list of water and sea references in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Song of Myself</i></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>With respect to a few specific references, let the caressing begin. </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte 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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Water and the sea, first and foremost, function as one of nature’s purifiers and the act of bathing is an important one for Whitman.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He begins the poem by going to “bathe and admire” himself, setting the stage for the importance of water as a pure and natural substance but also for the corresponding nakedness and focus on the critical nature of the body and flesh.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I feel this most palpably in the sequence of the 29<sup>th</sup> bather whereby the woman in the house hides behind the blinds of her window admiring the group of men bathing in the water below:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in">The beards of the young men glistened with wet, it ran from their long hair,<br />Little streams passed all over their bodies.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">The men frolic in what feels like an aquatic utopia, free from the confines and restrictions of the indoors, work or even their clothes.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Their bodies sounding like microcosms of the earth with streams flowing on their bodies. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman frequently speaks to the liquid-like characteristics and flowing nature of the universe in the poem and you feel this theme here as the woman ultimately descends the hill to join the other bathers, effectively pouring herself into the water and combining or merging with the other bathers with complete equanimity.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman shifts to a more metaphysical contemplation of the sea later in the poem.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Similar to the blade of grass, Whitman looks to the sea as representative of life itself:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in">You sea! I resign myself to you also . . . . I guess what you mean,<br />I behold from the beach your crooked inviting fingers,<br />I believe you refuse to go back without feeling of me;<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>We must have a turn together . . . . I undress . . . . hurry me out of sight of the land,<br />Cushion me soft . . . . rock me in billowy drowse,<br />Dash me with amorous wet . . . . I can repay you.<br /><br />Sea of stretched ground-swells!<br />Sea breathing broad and convulsive breaths!<br />Sea of the brine of life! Sea of unshovelled and always-ready graves!<br />Howler and scooper of storms! Capricious and dainty sea!<br />I am integral with you . . . . I too am of one phase and of all phases.<br /><br />Partaker of influx and efflux . . . . extoler of hate and conciliation,<br />Extoler of amies and those that sleep in each others' arms.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">While Whitman guesses at the sea’s meaning, he quickly forgoes any attempt at Platonic understanding and chooses to jump in instead, immersing himself in the water while acknowledging the sea’s powerful nature and endless similarities to life itself.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>You feel the purity with which he views the sea and the seriousness of what it represents.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Later in the poem, when contemplating where the savage comes from, he speculates that he may come from the sea again echoing his thoughts of the sea as an unaffected representation of life itself.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The sea and water also function as a means of transport, both physical and spiritual, throughout the poem.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There are many references to boats in the poem a<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXKlm_UOpWwD1sZw8FYj1sDdAACfJTWPDZZUF6YJSqy6RJBw48MxvTMLwmdM83sNmOdM_GWat1ddyI5JqWIZdPaXeCAbMv8ZYsjefoJ3sUHggR0trEvhfLqrZ0UtDDqer-sBFXNffTY7m/s1600/Watercycle.GIF"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 420px; height: 284px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXKlm_UOpWwD1sZw8FYj1sDdAACfJTWPDZZUF6YJSqy6RJBw48MxvTMLwmdM83sNmOdM_GWat1ddyI5JqWIZdPaXeCAbMv8ZYsjefoJ3sUHggR0trEvhfLqrZ0UtDDqer-sBFXNffTY7m/s320/Watercycle.GIF" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5706493741281021938" border="0" /></a>nd when traveling on his spiritual journey, Whitman often speaks of sailing as his means of transportation.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Most interesting to me though is the parallel in Whitman’s personal journey in the poem as compared to the “life cycle” of water.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman alternates in the poem between a more “grounded” point of view and one where he floats above the world personally experiencing all that occurs.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This reminded me of the “life cycle” of water in many ways: <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>water evaporates from lakes and seas on the ground, travels upward condensing in the sky in the form of clouds, returning to the ground in the form of rain, and ultimately merging again into the lakes and seas.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Interestingly, Whitman ends the poem by melting into the water himself (“I effuse my flesh in eddies and drift it in lacy jags”).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The circular and infinite nature to this process is consistent with Whitman’s views regarding the infinite nature of life and serves to reinforce his proposal that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i> function as a beginning and not an ending to the reader’s experience.</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-74591593640376253552012-01-30T15:54:00.000-08:002012-01-30T16:11:17.185-08:00Wilmot Proviso<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> 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mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">While searching around on the Wilmot Proviso, I found some related commentary regarding Whitman’s stance on slavery from a PBS special.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Click <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/whitman/more/e_race.html">here</a> for the link.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The entire show sounds interesting – maybe they will rerun it between episodes of Downtown Abbey.</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-36442313058681236912012-01-30T15:31:00.001-08:002012-01-30T15:31:47.767-08:00Loafing in the Woods<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> 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mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">I choose to read the section “Loafing in the Woods” from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Specimen Days</i> mostly because I enjoyed our discussion of the word “loafe” in class last week.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This process of loafing and the resulting clarity that is derived from this disposition is clearly an important one for Whitman – so much so that he captures this theme in the first several lines of the poem (“I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe at my ease…”).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What I also love about this theme of loafing are the implications to Whitman’s reader.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman immediately sets a tone of comfort in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Song of Myself</i> which makes his poem more inviting to his reader.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman boldly tells his reader that what he is sharing is “the origin of all poems” and that whoever reads and understands him will “possess the good of the earth and the sun” – not light topics to say the least.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This concept of loafing helps to mitigate the concerns that might come with reading something that promises such lofty ambitions.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman is in effect telling his reader that what he is saying is important but that you don’t need a suit and tie and a litany of academic degrees to understand it.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">The other thing that sticks out to me from this particular passage in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Specimen Days</i> is that Whitman truly lived what he wrote.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He loved to be outdoors, he loved the impact the outdoors has on his senses, and he seems to ruminate most effectively on the issues of life while “seated on a log in the woods,” as opposed to seated on the wood chair of an office or classroom.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The reader’s sense of his sincerity is critical to the efficacy of Whitman’s writing.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>You may choose to disagree with him but it is not because you doubt his own belief in what he is writing.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In fact, Whitman’s sincerity and confidence may be at the top of the list in terms of the most affecting aspects of his writing.</p>Clackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252296922608174374noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7252128064675708038.post-4206727412226406062012-01-28T10:13:00.000-08:002012-01-30T10:11:43.200-08:00Thoughts on the MergeWho need be afraid of the merge?<br />Undrape.... you are not guilty to me, nor stale nor discarded,<br />I see through the broadcloth and gingham whether or no,<br />And am around, tenacious, acquisitive, tireless.... and can never be shaken away. -- W.W.<br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Song of Myself</i>, Whitman repeatedly returns to a theme of “merging” as it relates to a profound number of combinations: the body and soul, flesh and nature, Whitman and his reader, the past, present and future, as well as life and death.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whitman speaks of living in his own unified utopia whereby the arbitrariness of human distinctions are irrelevant and one lives in a certain harmony with himself, others, and nature.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In the lines cited above, Whitman invites his reader to “undrape” and assures him there is nothing that can offend him.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Interestingly, Whitman speaks to his own perspicacity and tenacity telling his reader he will pierce the veil of their being regardless of their willingness to shed their “broadcloth and gingham” (Whitman is certainly not lacking in confidence with respect to his life mantra – a theme you feel consistently throughout <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i> as well as Whitman’s preface to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i>).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>One of my favorite aspects of this theme of merging is the manner in which Whitman describes himself as one with nature.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In the preface to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leaves of Grass</i>, Whitman states that the poet “incarnates [his country’s] natural life and rivers and lakes” and then goes on to describe how rivers should not embouchure into the sea but into the poet himself (allegories like these are just so cool).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I could fill a number of pages with other references to the theme of merging but will leave at this for now.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">As a side note, this theme of merging and convergence reminded me of a passage I read a number of years ago in Forbes magazine (of all places).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>They posed the question “What does convergence mean?” to several business figures and celebrities.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The following link takes you to the response provided by Muhammad Ali.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Ironically, the theme of convergence that the magazine was referring to was a technological one – that of the telephone, television and internet.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This context was apparently not provided to Ali as his response is a very personal and philosophical one.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>As I read <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Song of Myself</i>, I see and feel a number of parallels with Ali’s sense of “convergence”, particularly where Ali says: “<span class="mainarttxt">To understand that there are no distinctions of any real importance in the affairs of men, that there is only one time and one place and one person and one truth. And that we are all contained in that time and place and person, and that the truth contains us all.”</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While I had always regarded Muhammad Ali with a certain level of awe, his poetical response to Forbes magazine certainly reaffirmed his status to me as “The Greatest.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>See link below for full text – it is very cool (and it’s not that long).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a href="http://www.forbes.com/asap/1999/1004/070_print.html">http://www.forbes.com/asap/1999/1004/070_print.html</a></p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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